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Descrição
This post is intended to show pulsar solid body approximate in their size and shape scaled one in 200 thousand and one in 500 thousand. In these scales, you can compare them with small asteroids and moons. This is because pulsars are mostly neutron stars, remnant of massive stars supernovae, more massive than the Sun, compacted to a sphere of a few kilometers in diameter. The word "pulsar" derive from "pulsated star", because their radiation is seen from Earth modulated by pulses. This is because they are spining at high speeds, and their magnetic field distorts their emmited radiation every revolution (several times per second). At these speeds it is spected that the star oblate because of the centrifugal force. To make this oblateness I used MATLAB R2016a with the formula of the Maclaurin and Jacobi ellipsoid considering the neutron star as if has homogeneus density. This could be true for some neutron stars, but a real composition is difficult to known exactly for every case, and it's troubling to simulate, so take the shape of the models in this post as hypothetical. In some of these, the mass and/or the size of the pulsar is unknown. For those cases, I arbitrary choosed a mean mass of 1.4 solar masses, and a mean radius of 10 km. Only for the recently described PSR J0030+045, by Riley (2019), it is ploted with some surface features, which are luminous spots, represented as depressions, only for demostrative purpose.
The file's names explained: name_1_x_10_y.stl is 1 : x * 10y. So _1_6_10_7 is 1:600000000 or one in 60 million.
PSR B1919+21 "LGM-1"
The first pulsar discovered, it was the first evidence of the existence of neutron stars. Only this kind of object could be capable of generate that pulsed signal rotating at that high speed. Prior to the discovery of its true nature, it was argued that it could be an artificial signal from an extraterrestrial civilization. This possibility was soon ruled out with the discovery of similar pulsating stars. After that, it was nicknamed "LGM-1" (Little Green Men).- Type: Neutron star. Pulsar.
- Distance to the Sun: 1000 ly.
- Rotational period: 1.3373 s
- Composition: Degenerate matter. Atom nuclei.
- Density: 7.193x1014 g/cm3.
- Dimensions: ~20 km
- Model scale: 1:2x105 (10cm) 1:5x105 (4cm)
PSR J0030+0451
This is the first pulsar from which some surface features could be resolved. Since the strong gravitational pull near the surface, the light emited from the far side of the neutron star turn to the viewer, giving the effect of lensing and alowing to see more than a half of its surface at the same time. The visible features are two or three brght spots, those appear to be hotter regions. Their nature remains unknown, however they could help to understand the physics involved in the neutron stars.- Type: Neutron star. Pulsar.
- Distance to the Sun: 1060 ly.
- Rotational period: 4.87 ms
- Composition: Degenerate matter. Atom nuclei.
- Density: ~3.1x1014 g/cm3.
- Dimensions: 26.04 km
- Model scale: 1:2x105 (13cm) 1:5x105 (5cm)
(PSR B1257+12) Lich
Lich is the first pulsar known to have planets, the first confirmed exoplanets of any star or stellar remnant. They are named Draugr, Poltergeist and Phobetor in order of distance, being the first one the least massive exoplanet known. They were discovered after the delays in the pulsating period, however they do not transit the stellar remnant so the exact size cannot be known. Altough this, they surely dwarf the tiny neutron star. Stellar remnant are not spected to have their original planets, since the supernova that formed them must had though them to the interstellar medium. These planets- Type: Neutron star. Pulsar.
- Distance to the Sun: 2300 ly.
- Rotational period: 6.219 ms
- Composition: Degenerate matter. Atom nuclei.
- Density: ~5.84x1014 g/cm3.
- Dimensions: ~20 km
- Model scale: 1:2x105 (10cm) 1:5x105 (4cm)
PSR J1012+5307
This pulsar orbits, or is orbited by, a white dwarf. This stars remnant are hundreds times bigger than neutron stars, albeits lighter. This is because neutron stars are remnant of bigger stars than white dwarfs. When a white dwarf reach the mass of the Chandrasekhar limit, about 1.44 solar masses it will collaps to an object of approximate the density of a atom nucleus, becaming a neutron star.- Type: Neutron star. Pulsar.
- Distance to the Sun: 2740 ly.
- Rotational period: 5.3 ms
- Composition: Degenerate matter. Atom nuclei.
- Density: 2.3x1014 g/cm3.
- Dimensions: ~30 km
- Model scale: 1:2x105 (15cm) 1:5x105 (6cm)
PSR J0737−3039 A
Pulsars can have any kind of companion, including other pulsars. This is the case of PSR J0737−3039, a pair of neutron stars orbiting each other every two and a half hour. Both of they magnetic poles were oriented to point to Earth. The magnetic field of one of the pulsar could block the light from the other, making unique kind of eclipses.- Type: Neutron star. Pulsar.
- Distance to the Sun: 3750 ly.
- Rotational period: 22.7 ms
- Composition: Degenerate matter. Atom nuclei.
- Density: ? g/cm3.
- Dimensions: ? km
- Model scale: 1:2x105 (15cm) 1:5x105 (6cm)
PSR J0737−3039 B
This component is now invisible because of precesion. It will "return" in 2035. The system's orbital period decays after the emision of gravitational waves. This loss of energy will cause the pulsars to merge in about 85 My.- Type: Neutron star. Pulsar.
- Distance to the Sun: 3750 ly.
- Orbits: PSR J0737−3039A
- Orbital period: 2 h 27 min
- Rotational period: 2.773 s
- Composition: Degenerate matter. Atom nuclei.
- Density: ? g/cm3.
- Dimensions: ? km
- Model scale: 1:2x105 (15cm) 1:5x105 (6cm)
(PSR B0531+21) Crab pulsar
The discovery of this pulsar helps to link the origin of this object and the remnant nebulae of a supernova. The supernova occurred in the year 1054 and it was visible to naked eye, recorded independantly across the world. The resulted nebula is one of the youngest and most studied today.- Type: Neutron star. Pulsar.
- Distance to the Sun: 6525 ly.
- Rotational period: 33.5 ms
- Composition: Degenerate matter. Atom nuclei.
- Density: 9.5x1014 g/cm3.
- Dimensions: ~20 km
- Model scale: 1:2x105 (10cm) 1:5x105 (4cm)
PSR J0348+0432
This is the heaviest neutron star known, with 2.01 solar masses, and it is orbited by a white dwarf of low mass. This close orbit of 2 h 27 min, combined with the asymmetrical distribution of still dense matter create a constant source of gravitational waves and helps astronomers to test the general relativity.- Type: Neutron star. Pulsar.
- Distance to the Sun: 6850 ly.
- Rotational period: 39.12 ms
- Composition: Degenerate matter. Atom nuclei.
- Density: 4.4x1014 g/cm3.
- Dimensions: ~26 km
- Model scale: 1:2x105 (13cm) 1:5x105 (5cm)
PSR B1937+21
This was the first millisecond pulsar discovered, and still one of the fastest. This kind of pulsars have rotational period in order of a few milliseconds. At this angular speeds is spected that the compact object deforms into a Maclaurin spheroid, an oblate sphere (with one axis shorter), with its poles flattened, even if the density of the star is not homogeneous. It is suspected that a dwarf planet about the mass of Ceres, as well as an asteroid belt, orbits this pulsar.- Type: Neutron star. Pulsar.
- Distance to the Sun: 11750 ly.
- Rotational period: 1.55 ms
- Composition: Degenerate matter. Atom nuclei.
- Density: ? g/cm3.
- Dimensions: ? km
- Model scale: 1:2x105 (15cm) 1:5x105 (6cm)
PSR J1748−2446ad
This is the fastest known neutron star, as well as the fastest stellar mass object. An object on its surface has a linear speed of a quarter of the speed of light. Its polar radius is 30% shorter than its equatorial one because of its rapid rotation. It is orbited by a large (5 times the solar diameter) and light (0.14 solar masses) object, probably reaching the Roche limit of the pulsar, feeding it and helping to maintain and increase its fast spin. If not feeded, every pulsar slow downs its spin gradually, due gravity waves. When the star spin down enough, its shape relaxes into a more spherical shape, producing "starquakes" that makes anomalies on the pulsar rotational period.- Type: Neutron star. Pulsar.
- Distance to the Sun: 18000 ly.
- Rotational period: 1.395 ms
- Composition: Degenerate matter. Atom nuclei.
- Density: 3.36x1014 g/cm3.
- Dimensions: ~25 km
- Model scale: 1:2x105 (13cm) 1:5x105 (5cm)
XTE J1739-285
It was thought that this neutron star had a pulse period, but these measures were spurious and unrepeatable. If this period was true, it whould be the shortest known, being less than a millisecond. At this speeds the angular momentum of the star makes the Maclaurin spheroid form more energetic than a Jacobi ellipsoid, so the star is spected tu relax into the later form. The normalized angular momentum is similar to that of Haumea, so their shapes must be similar, although their mass, density and spin differs in various grades of magnitudes. The axi-asymmetry of this theoretical shape makes the star emits gravitational waves by itself. This star is a candidate for being a quark star, an object composed of quarks linked together, forming a giant subatomic particle. Another possibility is that it have a quark matter core surrounded by regular atomic nuclei.- Type: Neutron star.
- Distance to the Sun: 39000 ly.
- Rotational period: 0.8913 ms ?
- Composition: Degenerate matter. Atom nuclei. Quark matter?
- Density: 5.5x1014 g/cm3.
- Dimensions: ~22 km
- Model scale: 1:2x105 (11cm) 1:5x105 (5cm)
References
- The mass of the neutron star in the binary millisecond pulsar PSR J1012 þ 5307. Callanan. 1998.
- Precision timing of PSR J1012+5307 and strong-field GR tests. Lazardis. 2018.
- A NICER View of PSR J0030+0451: Millisecond Pulsar Parameter Estimation. Riley. 2019.
- PSR J1012þ5307: younger than it looks. Burderi. 1998.
- Triaxial neutron stars -- a possible source of gravitational radiation. Bonazzola. 1996.
- On neutrib star structure and the millisecond pulsar. Harding. 1983.
- Surf to STL function for MATLAB.
Other astronomical objects
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/thing:4159226">Cube planet</a></td>
<td><a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-sixty-million-scale">60M</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-120-million-scale">120M</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-250-million-scale">250M</a></td>
<td><img src="https://i.ibb.co/zXm33Kx/cube-planet.png" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3">
<h4><a href="/tato_713/collections/misc-science-fiction">Science Fiction</a></h4>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/thing:4240370">Ghroth</a></td>
<td><a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-four-million-scale">4M</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-ten-million-scale">10M</a></td>
<td><img src="https://i.ibb.co/qn0LkcY/ghroth.png" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/thing:3994661">Arda</a></td>
<td><a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-sixty-million-scale">60M</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-120-million-scale">120M</a></td>
<td><img src="https://i.ibb.co/ByLtBzZ/arda.png" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/thing:4941378">Life Foundation rocket</a></td>
<td><a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-160-scale">160</a>, 200, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-350-scale">350</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-five-hundred-scale">500</a></td>
<td><img src="https://i.ibb.co/PDnyTx8/life.png" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/thing:4534262">B612</a></td>
<td>10, 20, 32, 40</td>
<td><img src="https://i.ibb.co/KVbFQJX/b612.png" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/thing:3931719">Mesklin</a></td>
<td><a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-500-million-scale">500M</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-one-billion-scale">1G</a></td>
<td><img src="https://i.ibb.co/m59dHLP/mesklin.png" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/thing:3557650">Arrakis</a></td>
<td><a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-sixty-million-scale">60M</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-120-million-scale">120M</a></td>
<td><img src="https://i.ibb.co/bWvjfDx/arrakis.png" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/thing:4220824">Borg cube</a></td>
<td><a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-eight-thousand-scale">8K</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-twenty-thousand-scale">20K</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-forty-thousand-scale">40K</a>
</td>
<td><img src="https://i.ibb.co/gvnrrr8/borg-cube.png" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/thing:3976930">Pern</a></td>
<td><a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-sixty-million-scale">60M</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-120-million-scale">120M</a></td>
<td><img src="https://i.ibb.co/GRm93sZ/pern.png" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/thing:3904707">Europa Monolith</a></td>
<td><a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-200-thousand-scale">200K</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-500-thousand-scale">500K</a></td>
<td><img src="https://i.ibb.co/KG0yW1X/monolith.png" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/thing:4373458">Leonora Christine</a></td>
<td><a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-five-hundred-scale">500</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-six-hundred-scale">600</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-one-thousand-scale">1K</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-three-thousand-scale">3K</a></td>
<td><img src="https://i.ibb.co/rQF0hJK/leonora-christine.png" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/thing:4579149">Rama</a></td>
<td><a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-eighty-thousand-scale">80K</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-200-thousand-scale">200K</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-500-thousand-scale">500K</a></td>
<td><img src="https://i.ibb.co/jHCJ2VB/rama.png" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/thing:3432933">Death Star</a></td>
<td><a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-500-thousand-scale">500K</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-one-million-scale">1M</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-two-million-scale">2M</a></td>
<td><img src="https://i.ibb.co/3RxhgJ0/deathstar.png" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/thing:3903759">Starkiller Base</a></td>
<td><a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-two-million-scale">2M</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-four-million-scale">4M</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-ten-million-scale">10M</a></td>
<td><img src="https://i.ibb.co/xXh6dfq/starkiller.png" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/thing:5169377">Z-95</a></td>
<td>40, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-eighty-scale">80</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-160-scale">160</a>, 200</td>
<td><img src="https://i.ibb.co/FVh1pVv/z95.png" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/thing:4887051">Eternia</a></td>
<td><a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-sixty-million-scale">60M</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-120-million-scale">120M</a></td>
<td><img src="https://i.ibb.co/tJ8PD3L/eternia.png" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/thing:4842116">Visitors mothership</a></td>
<td><a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-twenty-thousand-scale">20K</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-forty-thousand-scale">40K</a></td>
<td><img src="https://i.ibb.co/WFdPyCS/visitors.png" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/thing:4862129">Wheel of Time Earth</a></td>
<td><a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-sixty-million-scale">60M</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-120-million-scale">120M</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-250-million-scale">250M</a></td>
<td><img src="https://i.ibb.co/QKS6MNy/wot-earth.png" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/thing:3527479">Nirn, Secunda and Masser</a></td>
<td><a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-twenty-million-scale">20M</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-sixty-million-scale">60M</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-120-million-scale">120M</a></td>
<td><img src="https://i.ibb.co/6tLKLks/nirn-masser-secunda.png" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/thing:4038275">ID mothership</a></td>
<td><a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-two-million-scale">2M</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-four-million-scale">4M</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-ten-million-scale">10M</a></td>
<td><img src="https://i.ibb.co/9WTvc1V/mothership.png" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/thing:4914066">ID troop transporter</a></td>
<td>200, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-350-scale">350</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-five-hundred-scale">500</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-one-thousand-scale">1K</a></td>
<td><img src="https://i.ibb.co/HTkTxyY/transporter.png" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/thing:4277909">Heptapod spaceship</a></td>
<td><a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-one-thousand-scale">1K</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-three-thousand-scale">3K</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-eight-thousand-scale">8K</a></td>
<td><img src="https://i.ibb.co/zNnDycH/arrival.png" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/thing:4662485">Gaijin flowership</a></td>
<td><a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-three-thousand-scale">3K</a></td>
<td><img src="https://i.ibb.co/DGwSp5r/gaijin.png" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/thing:4773238">Red Moon</a></td>
<td><a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-sixty-million-scale">60M</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-120-million-scale">120M</a></td>
<td><img src="https://i.ibb.co/vkk1spz/red-moon.png" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/thing:4198600">Halo Array</a></td>
<td><a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-four-million-scale">4M</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-ten-million-scale">10M</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-twenty-million-scale">20M</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-sixty-million-scale">60M</a></td>
<td><img src="https://i.ibb.co/N2ZW4vN/halo.png" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/thing:3720464">Gem Homeworld</a></td>
<td>
<a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-120-million-scale">120M</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-250-million-scale">250M</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-500-million-scale">500M</a></td>
<td><img src="https://i.ibb.co/Z2sLYYT/homeworld.png" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/thing:4893955">Citadel of Ricks</a></td>
<td><a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-200-thousand-scale">200K</a></td>
<td><img src="https://i.ibb.co/d0hWjbX/citadel.png" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/thing:4734500">The Skeld</a></td>
<td>40, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-eighty-scale">80</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-160-scale">160</a>, 200, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-350-scale">350</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-five-hundred-scale">500</a></td>
<td><img src="https://i.ibb.co/HdK9tRQ/skeld-side.png" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3">
<h4>Misc</h4>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/thing:3579841">Mars (1962 reconstruction)</a></td>
<td><a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-sixty-million-scale">60M</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-120-million-scale">120M</a></td>
<td><img src="https://i.ibb.co/yF5G74w/old-mars.png" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/thing:3684259">Flat Earth</a></td>
<td><a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-250-million-scale">250M</a></td>
<td><img src="https://i.ibb.co/pfgPvx8/flat-earth.png" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/thing:4279475">Expanding Earth</a></td>
<td><a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-sixty-million-scale">60M</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-120-million-scale">120M</a></td>
<td><img src="https://i.ibb.co/gtbYFm2/exp-earth.png" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/thing:4587148">Spaceship of Ezekiel</a></td>
<td><a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-eighty-scale">80</a>, <a href="/tato_713/collections/one-in-160-scale">160</a></td>
<td><img src="https://i.ibb.co/gDN0cKz/ezekiel.png" /></td>
</tr>
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